基于多源遥感数据的景观格局及预测研究

以TM、中巴资源卫星和环境与灾害监测预报小卫星等遥感影像为数据源,利用ENVI 4.7、ARCGIS 9.2、IDRISI 15等软件,研究了西安市辖区的景观特征与空间格局,预测了未来的景观变化,提出了景观格局预测的数据转化和多距离空间分析的精简步骤.结果表明:研究区的景观本底是一个由林地和耕地构成的复合景观基质,建设用地在研究时段内呈现持续增加趋势,且2004-2011年间的增加量高于2000-2004年间的增加量;林地面积略有降低,林地和草地总面积略呈增长趋势,水域和未利用地面积变化较小.研究时段内的景观破碎化程度在降低,林地景观的连通性增强了,耕地的降低了.各景观类型在所设定的最大预期研究尺度下均呈现显著的聚集空间格局;各年和各景观类型之间的聚集、随机和离散的临界阈值差别相对比较大;水域和未利用地的空间聚集强度明显高于耕地、林地、草地和城乡建设用地;耕地和草地空间分布存在一个异质性最大的特征尺度,且均出现了聚集分布、随机分布和离散分布3种分布格局,以2011年最为明显.利用景观指数法和多距离空间聚类分析方法研究景观格局特征的效果要比单一的景观指数法较理想.CA-Markov模型模拟的结果基本能够反映未来的景观格局状况.     

中国东西部中小城市景观格局及其驱动力

中小城市的数量及其所承载的城市人口迅速增加是当今和将来全球城市化的最为显著的特征之一.因此,对中小城市的发展规律及其城市化带来的生态和环境影响的研究日趋重要.然而,迄今为止的大多数有关城市化的研究聚焦于大型城市.通过对长三角地区和新疆地区24个中小城市的景观格局分析,结合人口经济数据,探究这两个地区总体城市景观格局的变化,城市间景观格局变化的变异性,以及城市景观格局变化的驱动力,并在此基础之上进行两地区间的对比分析.结果表明,1986年至2000年15a间,长三角地区和新疆地区中小城市的总体景观格局变化基本相似,景观的破碎化程度均不断上升,斑块形状更趋于不规则,景观多样性呈小幅增加;长三角地区中小城市间景观格局变异性下降,而新疆地区中小城市间景观格局变异性上升.长三角地区中小城市景观格局变化的驱动力主要是人口的增加和流动所导致的城市景观变化,新疆地区则为人口的增加和流动所导致的耕地景观面积增加.研究结果有助于解决我国中小城市急速发展所带来的一些生态和环境问题,以及通过土地利用规划来改善我国中小城市的可持续发展.     

生态植被建设对黄土高原农林复合流域景观格局的影响

自1999年以来,黄土高原大规模地实施了退耕还林工程,生态环境呈显著恢复态势。采用2002年和2008年两期Spot5遥感影像,评估了退耕还林工程实施前后黄土高原典型农林复合流域土地利用与景观格局的动态变化。结果表明:在退耕还林工程实施的驱动下,流域土地利用变化剧烈,总变化率高达36.77%,主要变化的土地利用类型包括耕地、果园、幼林地、林地等。28.95%的耕地转为其他土地利用类型,其中48.83%转为果园,44.69%转为幼林地。景观格局变化呈明显的空间分布规律,山腰缓坡区以转化为果园为主,中、高海拔多转化为幼林地。退耕后流域生态景观得以优化,呈现良好发展态势。     

张家界武陵源风景区自然景观价值评估

自然景观提供给人们观赏、娱乐和休闲的效用和价值,长期以来,人们对自然景观的价值忽略并低估,导致在开发利用自然资源过程中出现资源浪费和生态破坏的问题.如果赋予自然景观合适的经济价值,能为其开发利用提供决策支持.为评价张家界武陵源风景区的景观价值,构建了相应的指标体系.自然景观价值乃使用价值与非使用价值之和,并对这两种价值分别运用旅行费用法和条件价值法进行评估.结果表明:2011年武陵源风景区的自然景观价值为89.01亿元,其中使用价值为79.30亿元,非使用价值为9.71亿元.分析表明,武陵源风景区的自然景观价值要远高于以往的研究及近年的旅游收入,建议景区当局全面认识其景观价值,在旅游人次不断攀升的形势下,全力保护该地生态环境,探究武陵源风景区的可持续发展道路.     

Molecular insights into the mechanisms of cation-type specific stability and denaturation of poly-l-glutamate: a simulation study

Cation-induced conformational changes of peptide as a guide to developing insights into human diseases-related proteins have received a lot of attention. The interactions between poly-l-glutamate (PGA) and different cations, including Na⁺, K⁺ and Mg²⁺, respectively, are studied in solvent at a concentration of 1 M, and the behaviours of peptide with different cations are investigated. For Na⁺, an oscillatory stabilising process to α-helix PGA is found, in accordance with the uniform free-energy landscape, whereas for K⁺, an extended α-helix structure is formed by the terminal turns, suggesting a weaker attraction to charged head groups. For Mg²⁺, the bridged charged side chains are responsible for the maximum probability of helix state. These distinct structural changes can be attributed to the different interactions between charged head groups and cations. Both Na⁺ and K⁺ are mainly attracted around head groups by direct ion binding while Mg²⁺ is centrally trapped among adjacent charged head groups. In addition, a surprising shift of the backbone hydrogen bond, from intact state to intermediate state, is observed. This is opposite to the stabilising effect of Na⁺ around negatively charged head groups.     

How landscape scale changes affect ecological processes in conservation areas: external factors influence land use by zebra (Equus burchelli) in the Okavango Delta

Most large‐bodied wildlife populations in sub‐Saharan Africa only survive in conservation areas, but are continuing to decline because external changes influence ecological processes within reserves, leading to a lack of functionality. However, failure to understand how landscape scale changes influence ecological processes limits our ability to manage protected areas. We used GPS movement data to calculate dry season home ranges for 14 zebra mares in the Okavango Delta and investigated the effects of a range of landscape characteristics (number of habitat patches, mean patch shape, mean index of juxtaposition, and interspersion) on home range size. Resource utilization functions (RUF) were calculated to investigate how specific landscape characteristics affected space use. Space use by all zebra was clustered. In the wetter (Central) parts of the Delta home range size was negatively correlated with the density of habitat patches, more complex patch shapes, low juxtaposition of habitats and an increased availability of floodplain and grassland habitats. In the drier (Peripheral) parts of the Delta, higher use by zebra was also associated with a greater availability of floodplain and grassland habitats, but a lower density of patches and simpler patch shapes. The most important landscape characteristic was not consistent between zebra within the same area of the Delta, suggesting that no single foraging strategy is substantially superior to others, and so animals using different foraging strategies may all thrive. The distribution and complexity of habitat patches are crucial in determining space use by zebra. The extent and duration of seasonal flooding is the principal process affecting habitat patch characteristics in the Okavango Delta, particularly the availability of floodplains, which are the habitat at greatest risk from climate change and anthropogenic disturbance to the Okavango's catchment basin. Understanding how the factors that determine habitat complexity may change in the future is critical to the conservation of large mammal populations. Our study shows the importance of maintaining flood levels in the Okavango Delta and how the loss of seasonal floodplains will be compounded by changes in habitat configuration, forcing zebra to change their relative space use and enlarge home ranges, leading to increased competition for key resources and population declines.     

Connectivity in a pond system influences migration and genetic structure in threespine stickleback

Neutral genetic structure of natural populations is primarily influenced by migration (the movement of individuals and, subsequently, their genes) and drift (the statistical chance of losing genetic diversity over time). Migration between populations is influenced by several factors, including individual behavior, physical barriers, and environmental heterogeneity among populations. However, drift is expected to be stronger in populations with low immigration rate and small effective population size. With the technological advancement in geological information systems and spatial analysis tools, landscape genetics now allows the development of realistic migration models and increased insight to important processes influencing diversity of natural populations. In this study, we investigated the relationship between landscape connectivity and genetic distance of threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) inhabiting a pond complex in Belgjarskógur, Northeast Iceland. We used two landscape genetic approaches (i.e., least-cost-path and isolation-by-resistance) and asked whether gene flow, as measured by genetic distance, was more strongly associated with Euclidean distance (isolation-by-distance) or with landscape connectivity provided by areas prone to flooding (as indicated by Carex sp. cover)? We found substantial genetic structure across the study area, with pairwise genetic distances among populations (D_PS) ranging from 0.118 to 0.488. Genetic distances among populations were more strongly correlated with least-cost-path and isolation-by-resistance than with Euclidean distance, whereas the relative contribution of isolation-by-resistance and Euclidian distance could not be disentangled. These results indicate that migration among stickleback populations occurs via periodically flooded areas. Overall, this study highlights the importance of transient landscape elements influencing migration and genetic structure of populations at small spatial scales.     

Of Cecropias,Snarks and Boojums

We reply to Webber et al. (2011 Webber, BL, Born, C, Conn, BJ, Hadiah, JT and Zalamea, P-C. 2011. What is in a name? That which we call Cecropia peltata by any other name would be as invasive?. Plant Ecology & Diversity, 3: 241–245.  [Google Scholar]). Our study, Sheil and Padmanaba (2011 Sheil, D and Padmanaba, M. 2011. Innocent invaders? A preliminary assessment of Cecropia, an American tree, in Java. Plant Ecology & Diversity, 3: 231–240.  [Google Scholar]), was a preliminary assessment of the alien Neotropical tree Cecropia around Bogor, West Java, Indonesia. We highlighted the need for low-cost assessment approaches for addressing alien species and considered what might be achieved by local actors with limited resources. We successfully characterised the local distribution of Cecropia and identified, addressed and illustrated various concerns. Based on these results we asked how such studies might be useful and how they could be improved. Webber et al. criticise our study but fail to engage with its goals. Certainly, low-input local approaches lack the sophistication and rigour of larger international efforts, but such comparisons are unhelpful. Aside from a number of misunderstandings, we find Webber et al.’s principal arguments overstated, and unsupported by published information. The evidence that Cecropia causes harm is unconvincing; species-level identification is overemphasised; and the insistence on completing detailed research before considering management options is problematic. We offer some positive conclusions and repeat our plea for the development of effective low-input methods for evaluating and addressing naturalised organisms.     

Major plant communities of North America's most arid region: The San Felipe Desert,Baja California,México

Abstract

This vegetation study describes the landscape of the San Felipe Desert (Baja California, México) based on the phytosociological analysis of its major plant associations, as determined by the Braun-Blanquet method and supported by cluster analysis. Four geomorphological or phytotopographical units were identified in the landscape of the San Felipe Desert (salt marshes, playas or sandy flats, bajadas or alluvial fans, and malpaíses or badlands), each characterized by its own plant communities. Two communities and eleven associations were identified, four of which are described and typified for the first time: Atriplici linearis-Frankenietum palmeri, Parkinsonio microphyllae-Olneyetum tesotae, Errazurizio megacarpae-Ephedretum trifurcae and Pachycereo schottii-Prosopidetum torreyanae. Ecological, phytogeographical, bioclimatic, syntaxonomical and floristic data are provided for each of these new associations.     

Enquêtes sur l'archipel de la Maddalena (Sardaigne NE): la flore et le paysage végétal de l'[icaron]le des Bisce

Abstract

Presented herevin are the results of research on the flora and vegetable landscape of the isola delle Bisce (NE Sardinia). The flora was found to be composed of 230 entities (1 Gymnospermae, 229 Angiospermae) belonging to 47 families and included in 156 genera. Failure to find numerous species is underscored and an overview of the vegetation landscape based on aerial photography is presented, with the identification of the vegetation formations and sites on the islands most sensitive to anthropic impact.